Where text appears and why full-duplex is a separate axis.
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Video summary
The ideas to retain
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Three modality architectures
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1. Full cascade: audio → STT → LLM → TTS → audio
A conventional full cascade exposes a contract at every stage:
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2. Audio-native input with text output + external TTS
Half-cascade is not a formal standard, but the term is now used in production frameworks. LiveKit, for example, defines a half-cascade as a realtime model that understands speech and…
